Background AND Aims: Micro leakage is a criterion proposed for assessing the success of any restorative material. Complete seal is difficult especially for dentin margins compared to enamel margins. The aim of this study was to assess the micro leakage at the enamel AND dentin margins of class V cavities restored by two GIs AND two self-etch adhesive systems.Materials AND Methods: This study was done on forty third molars. Class V cavities (3´2´2mm) were prepared on the buccal AND lingual surfaces of teeth using high speed hANDpiece with 0.8 mm diamond fissure burr. The occlusal margins of the cavities in the enamel AND gingival margins were placed 1 mm below the CEJ. The teeth were divided into 4 groups AND the bondings were cured for 20 sec AND the teeth were restored. The specimens were kept in distilled water at the temperature of 37°C for 24 hrs. The teeth were thermo cycled AND cut in buccolingual direction using diamond disc under water. The dye penetration was evaluated using a stereomicroscope AND the leakage was scored. The scores were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test while the paired comparisons were done using Bonferroni correction. P≤0.05 was regarded as significant results.Results: Micro leakage scores were similar at the occlusal AND gingival walls of all test groups. At the gingival walls, the least micro leakage scores were observed. “Fuji IX + SE bond” group showed significant differences with the “Fuji IX + G bond” AND “Nano glass + G bond” groups (P£0.05). At the occlusal walls, the least scores were observed in the “Fuji IX+SE bond” specimens which were significantly different from the other groups (P£0.05).Conclusion: Self-Cure glass IONOMERs yielded less micro leakage scores compared to the different types of light-cures due to the less polymerization shrinkage.

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the surface roughness, microhardness, AND biofilm formation of conventional glass-IONOMER cement (GIC) AND two GIC-based restorative materials. Methods: Twenty-four samples were prepared from each of the following restorative materials: Group 1) GIC, Group 2) resin-modified glass-IONOMER cement (RMGIC), AND Group 3) GC Gold Hybrid restorative material. The surface roughness AND microhardness of specimens were evaluated using a surface profilometer AND a Vickers microhardness tester, respectively. Half of the samples in each group were exposed to Streptococcus mutans suspension AND the other half to Streptococcus oralis suspension. The bacterial colonies were counted using a digital colony counter. Data were compared using the Kruskal Wallis AND Wilcoxon signed rank tests (α=0.05). Results: The surface roughness AND microhardness values were significantly different among the groups (P = 0.001). RMGIC showed significantly lower surface roughness AND significantly higher microhardness among the groups (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in S. mutans biofilm formation among the groups (P< 0.001), but S. oralis biofilm was not significantly different (P=0.063). GC Gold Hybrid had a significantly higher S. mutans biofilm formation compared to other groups (P<0.05). The formation of S. oralis biofilms was significantly higher than that of S. mutans biofilms in all materials (P < 0.05). Conclusions: RMGIC had the most favorable surface properties among the groups. GC Gold Hybrid had a higher bacterial adhesion AND less favorable surface properties, which might increase the rate of secondary caries around the restoration.

Background AND Aim: In luting cements, the compressive strength characteristics are important. Sufficient radio opacity for luting cements is helpful in detecting recurrent caries, open gingival margins AND residual luting materials. The aim of the present study was to compare the compressive strength AND radio opacity of Fuji I glass IONOMER cement (GC, Japan) AND the Iranian glass IONOMER cement produced by Qazvin Ava Tajhiz Co. Materials AND methods: In this study, 20 samples were prepared for each cement group. The specimens were prepared with a powder to liquid ratio (1. 8/1) AND after mixing were poured in mold with a height of 6 mm AND a diameter of 4 mm then strength of the specimens was evaluated. In the radio opacity study, the cement mixture was poured into mold with 15 mm in diameter AND 1 mm in thickness. Then the specimens were tested using a digital radio graphy apparatus AND the samples were calculated using Digora for Windows software. Results: The compressive strength of Fuji I (59. 48 MPa) was not significantly different from Iranian cement (58. 92 MPa) (P=0. 89). radio opacity of Fuji I (2. 4mmAl) was significantly higher than Iranian cement (1. 85mmAL) (P =0. 003) Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the both properties, compressive strength AND radio opacity of the cements were investigated within the range of ISO 9917-2: 2010. As a result, if other properties are suitable, Iranian cement can be considered as an alternative to Fuji I glass IONOMER cement.

One may say that The Open Society AND Its Enemies (OS) offered in 1945 the first complete elaboration of the general approach proposed by Karl Popper, namely his ‘critical rationalism’, a bold generalization of the fallibilist falsificationism in the domain of the empirical sciences masterly proposed in Logik der Forschung (1934). The political content of The OS has been critically discussed. Nevertheless, not all people insist on the equally important moral dimension of the book, giving it its unity, I submit. Without morality, no critical discussion, no reason, no open society, let us say in a nutshell. I would argue that according to Popper, a strictly Christian morality of love would not be the appropriate emotional companion of critical rationalism, but that the less demANDing moral emotion of sympathy or compassion is perhaps necessary to give it its force against violence. I give some support to this line of argument. In my view, Popper proposed a somewhat unarticulated critical rationalist ‘emotivism’ of sorts. The emotion of compassion is necessary for triggering our moral decisions AND values, which are the ultimate basis of the choice for a reason against violence.

Background: Comparing the net setting time AND radiopacity of an Iranian glass IONOMER cement (GIC) AND Fuji II (GC, Japan) according to ISO 9917‑, 1: 2007 stANDard. Materials AND Methods: In this experimental/in vitro study, for both tests, we prepared 20 samples of Fuji II glass IONOMER (self‑, cure restorative glass IONOMER, batch number: 1608031, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) AND Iranian glass IONOMER (Ava Tajhiz DANDan‑, Iran) at P/L of 2/7: 1. Then, to determine the net setting time, we prepared a metal mold with dimensions of 10 mm in length, 8 mm in width, AND 5 mm in height. Ninety seconds after mixing, the surface of the sample was subjected to the indenter, AND the net setting time was recorded as the time elapsed between the end of the mixing AND the time needle stopped making a complete circular indentation. To determine radiopacity, the specimens were poured into a mold with a diameter of 15 mm AND thickness of 1 mm. Samples AND a step wedge were irradiated with X‑, rays. Particle size analysis AND Energy‑, dispersive X‑, ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis were also done for both cements. Test results were investigated with SPSS AND through independent t‑, test (P < 0. 05). Results: The mean value of net setting time for Fuji II was 4. 83 min AND for the Iranian Glass IONOMER was 3. 83 min (P < 0. 05). The mean value of radiopacity for Fuji II was 2. 3 mmAL AND for Iranian Glass IONOMER was 1. 9 mmAl (P < 0. 05). Conclusion: Net setting time AND radiopacity of the glass IONOMERs were within the range of ISO 9917‑, 1: 2007. If all properties of the Iranian cement are set appropriately in future investigations, we propose to use it instead of Fuji II GIC. This has the additional benefit of being cost‑, efficient as Iranian cement costs less than Fuji II cement.

Introduction: Cention N is an alkasite restorative material, containing alkaline fillers. It is assumed that Cention N can neutralize an acidic pH by releasing fluoride, calcium, AND hydroxyl ions. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of Cention N with conventional glass IONOMER cement (GIC) AND resin-modified glass IONOMER cement (RMGIC). Methods: Twenty experimental specimens were prepared from each of the Fuji IX (GIC), Fuji II LC (RMGIC), AND Cention N (alkasite) using a cylindrical-shaped mold. The specimens were placed in agar plates at 37°, C AND inoculated with S. mutans (ATCC 25175). After 48 hours, the diameter of growth inhibition zones was recorded for each group at different time intervals including 3, 6, 12, 24, AND 48 h. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA AND Tukey's HSD test with a confidence level of 0. 05. Results: Cention N exhibited significantly higher antimicrobial activity against S. mutans at 3, 6, 24, AND 48 h as compared to Fuji IX AND Fuji II LC (P<0. 05). Conclusions: Cention N could be considered as a suitable alternative for glass IONOMERs AND resin-modified glass IONOMERs concerning its caries-preventive effects.